Agriculture was encouraged and trade revived. The Mughal Empire (Notes+MCQ) PDF Download contains detailed study notes for this topic. He also acted as superintendent of weights and measures used by the merchants and shopkeepers. India's number one portal for History Optional. Akbar institutionalized and reformed it on the basis of military and civil administration. Only the main points from the chapters are compiled below. ... Write a short note on Akbar’s administrative policies. To safeguard the life and property of townsmen. Administration features under Mughal rule was as under: Introduction of the Mansabdari system. The Crown was the most important power of the entire administrative machinery. In Mughal India, the state was the largest manufacturer. Introduction of the Zabti system and Dahsals system . Apart from carrying materials of war, and for carrying royalty and important nobles, the elephants, combined with cavalry, formed a kind of a battering ram or a protective shield. Islam aimed at the realization in practice of a society where only laws of God prevailed. iv. Under the Mughals the Banjaras carried grain on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns. Write a short note on Mughal administration. Mansabdari was the administrative system implemented by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1571. However, under Aurangzeb, the post of the chief qazi (qazi-ul quzzat) and the sadr-us sudur got separated. In 1580, Akbar divided the Empire into twelve subas (later on, three more were added). Question 1. Others need to pay. His job was to keep in check the forbidden practices- wine drinking,use of bhang and other intoxicants, gambling, etc. Akbar (Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar, 15 October 1542 – 27 October 1605) was the 3rd Mughal Emperor. Now in the capacity of sadr, he supervised assignment of allowances and looked after the charitable grants. This centralization is manifested in the efficient working of land revenue system, mansab and jagir, uniform coinage, etc. He pardoned his brother, who took up de facto charge of the Mughal administration in Kabul; Bakht-un-Nis continued to be the official governor. Thus , by making the diwan independent of the subadar and by putting financial matters under the former, the Mughals were successful in checking the subadar from becoming independent. I will provide you with the points for your better understanding. Akbar left Kabul in the hands of his sister, Bakht-un-Nisa Begum, and returned to India. It was publicised with great deal of pomp and show in which the Emperor appeared at an appointed hour before the general public. But this also became a means of corruption: nobles delayed the muster, and continued to keep a nominal force, and drew the barawardi salaries for the full contingent. To administer the shariat law both in civil and criminal cases. These siege guns were not easily manoeuvrable, and sometimes elephants and thousands of bullocks were used to transport them. Another important characteristic of Mughal Administration is that the Mughal government was a highly centralized autocracy. For example: Each branch was further subdivided into several sections ‘manned by a secretary, superintendents and clerks. Docs it show any evolution? In the capacity of the chief qazi, he looked into the appointment of the qazis in the suba, sarkar, pargana and town levels. It was difficult because each part of the Mughal Empire was inhabited by diverse set of people over whom their respective rulers or dominant chieftains exerted considerable influence. The lowest rank in the system was 10 whereas the highest was 5000 for the nobles. वैदिककाल में राजनीतिक, सामाजिक और आर्थिक ढाँचे के विकास पर एक निवन्ध लिखिए। [BPSC, 1997] OR Review the socio, religious and political life in the Vedic Age. The existing Indian practices and vast mass of Indian customary law were respected, as they did not run counter to the basic principles of all Islamic governments. The city administration was run by a Kotwal, whereas the village was administered by the local villagers. The term mansab literally … His seal and signatures were necessary for the validation of all official papers involving revenue. In some cases, the state directly employed soldiers and sent them to high mansabdars. Related posts: Short notes on the Nature of Mughal Government Brief notes on the Military […] Every outsider had to take a permit from him before entering or leaving the town. This step of theirs would give them independence which was necessary to make their position strong. The ahadis could be appointed anywhere in the army, or served as messengers. PreserveArticles.com is an online article publishing site that helps you to submit your knowledge so that it may be preserved for eternity. Write a note on Mughal administration . The rules and regulations guiding both their public and private conduct had all been fixed so that the officers were converted into what can be termed the Apparatus of the Empire. to supervise the manufacture of different articles, be it weapons of war or articles of luxury. Answer: The Gond Kingdom was divided into garhs. Mughal Administration 2. Many reports of these secret service agents are available to us. For urban centres, the imperial court appointed kotwals. Write the note on Mughal Administration under the rule of Shivaji (including Maratha’s administration and source of collecting revenue from the peasants - 33977… He was an independent officer answerable to the Centre. He personally inspected all transactions and payments in all departments. The Ain-i-Akbari (Persian: آئینِ اکبری ‎) or the "Administration of Akbar", is a 16th-century detailed document recording the administration of the Mughal Empire under Emperor Akbar, written by his court historian, Abu'l Fazl in the Persian language. Write a short note on Maratha kingdom. He was born in Umarkot (now Pakistan). What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals? In the Mughal administration, Sadr-us-Sudr was the minister of Finance. Their efficacy against forts was also doubtful, as the siege of Chittor showed. The Mughal army was divided into three types. By the end of Akbar’s reign. In 1517 Ibrahim Lodhi succeeded Sikander Lodhi. Though often considered symbols of prestige they could hardly be used in battles being slow in firing. 3. वैदिक कालीन सामाजिक, राजनीतिक और धार्मिक स्थिति की विवेचना कीजिए। [BPSC, 2009] OR Reconstruct the Vedic Social Organisation. He maintained direct contact with the provincial diwans and their functioning was put under his vigil. The son and successor of Babur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty, Humayun ruled from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 to 1556. The second characteristic is that the government was militaristic in its origin, and though in time it became rooted to the soil, it retained its military character to the last. Mughal remains are great tourist attractions. Thanedar was appointed at the recommendation of the, Generally placed under the faujdar of the area (i.e. The Military administration or the Mansabdari system was the backbone of the Mughal Empire which started in its crude form from Zahir-ud-din Babur till its refined form in the reign of Akbar. It was his duty to prepare a list of deceased mausabdars, but often news reporters (waqai navis) of the parganas directly sent infomation to the provincial diwan. Centralized structure controlled through the efficient working of jagirdari seems to hold little ground. Such troopers were called, There was a separate category of people who were called. The entire revenue collection and expenditure machinery of the Empire was under his charge. To keep vigil over the recalcitrant zamindars. 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After Aurangzeb, Mughal were unable to arrest the shifting of political and economic authority into the hand of provincial governors, local chieftains and other groups. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Mining under the fort-walls by use of gun-powder was, therefore, resorted to. The first three were known as 1st, 2nd and 3rd bakhshi. Although the King enjoyed absolute power, the welfare of the people was given top priority. To ensure that no illicit liquor was manufactured in his area. Share with your friends. Copyright. A good amil was supposed to increase the land tinder cultivation and induce the peasants to pay revenue willingly without coercion. The ancient Indian traditions had always supported a strong ruler. “There are 45000 cavalry, 5000 elephants, and many thousands infantry, paid directly from the royal treasury. He was not only appointed at the sarkar level, but sometimes within a sarkar a number of faujdars existed. Mansabdari System – UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here. Answer: Akbar Nama and Ain-i Akbari. Before publishing your Article on this site, please read the following pages: 1. [BPSC, 2001] OR Describe the Vedic Age Civilization. A separate department was assigned this important task. General Awareness is one of the most important sections that are asked in a competitive exam. He recovered it from Sher Shah’s descendants in 1555. The Marathas developed an effective administrative system as well. The imperial government had to keep a vast stock of cloth and ready-made robes for its need during the year. Sarkars: At the sarkar level, there were two important functionaries, the faujdar and the amalguzar. The chief diwan (diwani kul) was made responsible for revenue and finances. Administration in the Mughal Empire In Islam the real sovereign of the world in Allah and Khalifh is his representative on the earth. He was the chief executive officer responsible for the purchase of all kinds of articles and their storage for the royal household. The trooper had to purchase his own horse, and bring it to the muster before he was granted his pay. In brief, the entire revenue system of the Mughal Empire as it was developed in the 17th century was a resultant of two forces of the time-honored Hindu practice and the abstract Arabian theory. there established elaborate offices with assigned functions to the heads of offices. All orders of appointments of mansabdars and their salary papers were endorsed and passed by him. A quarter of the fighting force consisted of bearers of match-locks, carpenters, black-smiths, water-carriers and pioneers who cleared the way. 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The principles of Mughal government, their policies, and rules of taxation, departmental ar­rangements and the very titles of their officials were imported, ready-made from outside of India. Under the mir saman there were several officers, including the. Besides the qazi-ul quzzat, another important judicial officer was. He also looked into whether the grants were given to the right persons and utilized properly. administration; 3. The executive head of the sarkar. With such popular perception of the ruler, it is obvious that all officers in Mughal administration owed their position and power to the Emperor. The officers who joined the Mughal Administration were known as Mansabdars. • Akbar introduced major changes inadministration• Akbar’s theory of state 3. The first volume deals with the family of the emperor. He accepted Islam on the holy day of 21 March 1546. Despite being centralised, the Mughal structure was less centralised at its periphery. Supervised the revenue collection in the suba and maintained accounts of all expenditure incurred in the form of salaries of the officials and subordinates in the suba. The period of Bairam Khan’s regency (1556-60) saw the rise of the wakil-wazir with unlimited powers under Bairam Khan. Babur and Humayun for reasons of their brief reign and that of being busy in military matters could not concentrate on establishing a definite system or pattern in administration. Guns on wheeled-carriages (arraba) were used at Panipat and Khanua. The administration laid down by Akbar-elaborately discussed by Abul Fazl in the book Akbar Nama-in its last volume the Ain-i Akbari-empire was divided into provinces called subas-governed by a subadar who carried out both political and military functions-every province had a financial officer or diwan-subadar was supported by other officers such as the military paymaster (bakhshi), the minister in charge of … This allowed Maratha chiefs (sardars) to raise powerful armies. They were foot-soldiers, and matchlock-men and were recruited and directly paid for by the central government and handed over to high mansabdars. The Mughal Empire had a large number of qilas (forts) situated in various parts of the country. 2. It not only incorporated these refractory rulers and chieftains into its administrative setup but also enrolled them into military service. Online Course for History Optional including Answer Writing and Test Series for 2020 Main Examination. He was the head of the revenue department in the suba. To assess and supervise the revenue collection through other subordinate officials. As the Mughal emperors did not accept the Khalifa as their nominal head, so they were free from the nominal authority of any foreign power. They are very important sources of the history of the period. The Mughals through a system of checks and balances prevented any minister or officer from gaining unlimited powers. But under Balban his power were reduced when the Sultan bifrcated the military powers under diwan’arz. Akbar became the de jure king in 1556 at the age of 13 when his father died. In special circumstances, he was to help the amalguzar in matters of revenue collection. ADVERTISEMENTS: To understand the system of administration during the Mughal period, it is essential to keep in mind the nature of the Muslim religion. According to him, jagir transfers were not as frequent as they appear, and the local elements at the periphery were quite successful in influencing the policies at the centre. Regarding other articles of consumption and luxury, the same thing was resorted to. In addition to the heavy artillery, there were several types of, If carried on the back of a man, they were called. Write a short note on administration of Marathas. The main reference material for this post is NCERT History text for Class 7 (Our past -1). We can say is that the number of sawars maintained by the mansabdars would not have been less than those maintained centrally. Mughal administration. Their supply was assumed by the state maintaining many factories (karkhanahs) of its own in the principal cities of the empire, where skilled workmen were brought together and placed under a government superintendent (darogha), paid daily wages and made to produce their handicrafts which were duly stocked in the stores. The third volume elaborates on the administrative structure of the Mughal empire. Civil servants, judges of canon law, superinten­dents of post, excise or customs and even clerks and accountants of the higher grades, were also ranked as mansabdars the members of the army. He was to ensure safe passage to traders within his jurisdiction. But they tended to be helpless when surrounded by hostile cavalry. The mutasaddi collected taxes on merchandise and maintained a custom-house. PreserveArticles.com: Preserving Your Articles for Eternity, Short notes on the Nature of Mughal Government, Brief notes on the Military structure of Mughal Empire, Essays on the two administrative and commercial centers during the Mughal period, Brief notes on Sufi influence during the Mughal period, 3 important demerits of Mughal Administrative System, The two highest officials of Central Administration were the ‘Vakil’ and the ‘Wazir’ (India). The myth was that a mere look of his majesty would redress their grievances. Q28. Short notes on the Position of Mughal Emperor. Only then the diwan made entry in his records and placed it before the king. They were to arrange provisions for the army as well. Akbar ordered one of his close friends and courtiers, Abul Fazl, to write a history of his reign. Write a short note on Akbar's administrative policies. Abul Fazl emphasized the need to have a mir ‘adl in addition to qazi, for the qazi was to hear the case and decide while rnir ‘adl was to execute the orders of the court. Mansabdari System – Origins. He performed exactly the same military functions as were performed by his counterpart at the Centre. Answer Akbar's administrative policies were mentioned in Abul Fazl's book the Akbar Nama, particularly in its third and last volume, the Ain-i Akbari In the book Abul Fazl explained that the empire was divided into provinces known as Subas , … Besides, the Mughal Emperors’ frequent visits to every suba and the system of frequent transfers of the officials after a period of three years on average, helped the Mughals in checking the officials. Besides, there were separate bakhshis for the, The mir saman was the officer incharge of the royal. Under the Mughals, the pattern of village administration remained almost on the same lines as it was under Sher Shah. In Chetan’s opinion, even in the 17th century the Mughal Empire was not very centralised. In many cases advance loans (. Under early mughals, position of the wazir revived. It can help a candidate in scoring maximum marks in a competitive exam in the least amount of time. Detailed explanation with examples on administration-of-mughal-empire helps you to understand easily , designed as per NCERT. The new entrants, seeking service, were presented before ‘the Emperor by the mir bakhshi. After that time it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th century. It was the job of the khan-i- saman or Lord High steward to buy such goods as were available in the market and manufacture the others, well advance in time when they would be required. The Mansabdari System was introduced by Mughal emperor Akbar as new administrative machinery and revenue system. These peasant revolts challenged the stability of the Mughal Empire from the end of the seventeenth century. The most important revenue collector was the amil or amalguzar. PreserveArticles.com is a free service that lets you to preserve your original articles for eternity. Thus, the Mughals kept a watch over their officials in the provinces through offices and institutions independent of each other. Each fortress was lie a mini township with a large garrison. This was adjusted when the full pay was granted to the sawars after the muster. The Mughal Empire (Notes+MCQ) PDF Download also contains related Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) which will be beneficial for all Competitive Exams like WBCS (Preli & Mains), UPSC, SSC, Rail (Gr. • Mughal administration under Akbar was a centralised monarchy. Under the Delhi Sultans,the wazir enjoyed both civil and military powers. Question 3. As for Sher Shah, this office remained almost in abeyance under the Afghans. The Mughals were aware of the economic importance of the sea-ports as these were the centres of brisk commercial activities. He personally supervised the branding of the horses (dagh) and checked the muster-roll (chehra) of the soldiers. Their names were arranged in the graduation list of the army, the bakhshis or military paymasters paid them and their promotion took the form of an in­crease in their nominal command. It is divided into five volumes. Embassies from Daulat Khan and Rana Sanga inviting Babur to displace Ibrahim Lodhi led to the 1 st Battle of Panipat in 1526.; Babur used an Ottoman (Rumi) device in this war. D, ASM, TTE), Food Sub Inspector, WB Police, Gram … They had a separate muster-master or diwan. To understand the system of administration during the Mughal period, it is essential to keep in mind the nature of the Muslim religion. They introduced revenue demands gradually taking local conditions into account. To maintain a register for keeping records of people coming and going out of the town. At times their jurisdiction spread over two full sarkars. Closer look: Akbar’s Policies. He was nominally responsible to the Muslim Public or Jamait of this conduct as a king. He was directly under the Emperor but for sanction of money and auditing of accounts he was to contact the diwan. The Mughal nobility or mansabdars looked after the administration of the state the central authority of which lay with the Emperor, like the power of conferring, increasing, decreasing the mansab. But the possibility of rebellion always existed and, therefore, constant vigil through an organised system of intelligence network was established. In the village administration and the lower rungs of the official ladder, the Indian usage was allowed to prevail, while the foreign model influenced almost exclusively the court (which was a personal matter for the sovereign) and the higher official circles (who drew their inspiration from Persia and Egypt). The head of the ecclesiastical department. To administer the cities and ports, the Mughals maintained separate administrative machinery. Share 0. Land revenue system of Mughal administration played a vital role in keeping the system alive during that period. Islam aimed at the realization in practice of a society where only laws of God prevailed. To facilitate his work, he posted his agents in the parganas and various important offices. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Apart from employing choice horses from Iraq, Iran and Arabia, the cavalrymen were protected by iron-helmets and other defensive armours, and their horses had their necks, chests and backs fully covered. No notes for slide. The Mughal Emperor was the head of the administration. Every official of the Mughal government had to be enrolled in the army list; he was given a Mansab as the nominal commander of so many horsemen which determined his pay and status. He was also connected with the distribution of charities – both cash (wazifa) and land grants (suyurghal, in’am, madad-i ma’ash). वैदिक सामाजिक संगठन का पुनर्निर्माण कीजिए। क्या उसमें किसी प्रकार का विकास परिलक्षित होता है? accept the centralising tendencies but point out that the Mughal Empire was ‘. The institution of wizarat (or wikalat since both were used interchangeably) generally traced back to the Abbasi Caliphs. Usually the tenure of a subadar was around three years. QnA , Notes & Videos 4. Question 2. The strength of the cavalry maintained by the mansabdars cannot be assessed because in the early part, a mansab did not indicate the number of sawars actually maintained and later the sawar ranks of only a few have been given. Privacy Policy To check the diwan’s power, the Mughal Emperor asked the diwan to submit the report on state finances daily. The sawars were armed with swords, lances and bows. He was also to take steps to increase the area under cultivation. On some occasions, they could even be appointed with a mansabdar. He was the son of 2nd Mughal Emperor Humayun. Defeated in battle by the Afghan Sher Shah of Sur in 1540, Humayun lost control of India. An invention whereby 17 guns could be joined together in such a way that they could be fired with one match. This understandably caused  a lot of harassment and was the basis of corruption. Mughal administration 1. (a) Fort of Chittoor – … Thus, the concept of divine origin of monarchy could easily find credence among the Indian peopie. He dealt directly with provincial bakhshis and waqainavis.
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