Orderic also related that Odo had attempted to persuade some of William's vassals to join Odo on an invasion of southern Italy. Although William of Poitiers and William of Jumièges disagree about where the fleet was built â€“ Poitiers states it was constructed at the mouth of the River Dives, while Jumièges states it was built at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme â€“ both agree that it eventually sailed from Valery-sur-Somme. By 12 April 1080, William and Robert had reached an accommodation, with William once more affirming that Robert would receive Normandy when he died. [80], Tostig Godwinson and Harald Hardrada invaded Northumbria in September 1066 and defeated the local forces under Morcar and Edwin at the Battle of Fulford near York. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that it was a military campaign, but Welsh sources record it as a pilgrimage to St Davids in honour of Saint David. [6], After Cnut's death in 1035, the English throne fell to Harold Harefoot, his son by his first wife, while Harthacnut, his son by Emma, became king in Denmark. By the end of 1081, William was back on the continent, dealing with disturbances in Maine. A further indignity occurred when the corpse was lowered into the tomb. William placed supporters in charge of these new fortifications â€“ among them William Peverel at Nottingham and Henry de Beaumont at Warwick. [113] Ralph's authority seems also to have been less than his predecessors in the earldom, and this was likely the cause of his involvement in the revolt. The list below shows descent from William the Conqueror (see Descendants of William I of England for another list). English resistance had also begun, with Eadric the Wild attacking Hereford and revolts at Exeter, where Harold's mother Gytha was a focus of resistance. [123], Maine continued to be difficult, with a rebellion by Hubert de Beaumont-au-Maine, probably in 1084. Medieval writers criticised William for his greed and cruelty, but his personal piety was universally praised by contemporaries. [52] William's main hobby appears to have been hunting. Lay Investiture Gregory launched thunderbolts against every one who should be concerned in what was called Lay Investiture, a subject which continued to be a burning question until well into the twelfth century; but William was supported by Lanfranc in maintaining the right of the king of England to control important … [73][m] King Harald Hardrada of Norway also had a claim to the throne as the uncle and heir of King Magnus I, who had made a pact with Harthacnut in about 1040 that if either Magnus or Harthacnut died without heirs, the other would succeed. When his father died in 1035, William was named as his successor. [2] Knowledge of the events preceding his death is confused because there are two different accounts. [55] Most of the income came from the ducal lands, as well as from tolls and a few taxes. [57], In 1051 the childless King Edward of England appears to have chosen William as his successor. According to Norman historians, Edward promised to make William his heir. Æthelred and Emma's two sons, Edward and Alfred, went into exile in Normandy while their mother, Emma, became Cnut's second wife. [v], At Christmas 1085, William ordered the compilation of a survey of the landholdings held by himself and by his vassals throughout his kingdom, organised by counties. All the English counties south of the River Tees and River Ribble are included, and the whole work seems to have been mostly completed by 1 August 1086, when the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that William received the results and that all the chief magnates swore the Salisbury Oath, a renewal of their oaths of allegiance. [60] The trip is unlikely given William's absorption in warfare with Anjou at the time. Central to the control of Maine were the holdings of the Bellême family, who held Bellême on the border of Maine and Normandy, as well as the fortresses at Alençon and Domfront. The two principal actors in the lay investiture controversy were Emperor Henry IV and.
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